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What are synthetic cathinones aka "Bath Salts"
(Updated 28-Dec-11)
The term ‘bath salts’ refer to commercially available products that have as part of their composition a legal stimulant called 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, or MDPV (sometimes another
synthetic stimulant called Mephedrone and less commonly a synthetic stimulant called Methylone). These synthetic stimulants are in a class of drug known as synthetic cathinones.
Synthetic cathinones are related to the parent compound cathinone (found naturally in the plant Khat, which has cathinone producing a mild stimlative effect). Since the mid-2000s, unregulated
ring-substituted cathinone derivatives have appeared in the European and American recreational drugs market. The most commonly available synthetic cathinones sold on the recreational market in
the period up to 2011 appear to be 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), mephedrone, and methylone. These products are usually encountered as highly pure white or brown powders. Cathinone
derivatives are claimed to have effects similar to those of cocaine, amphetamine or MDMA (ecstasy), but little is known of their detailed pharmacology.
Currently illegal in New Jersey and in other states, and about to be illegal nationally (See "Legal Section" below for details). They are sold mostly on the internet, but can also be found in select shops locally. They're known by a variety of names,
including "Red Dove," "Blue Silk," "Zoom," "Bloom," "Cloud Nine," "Ocean Snow," "Lunar Wave," "Vanilla Sky," "Ivory Wave," "White Lightning," "Scarface" “Purple Wave,” “Blizzard,”
“Star Dust,” "Lovey, Dovey," “Snow Leopard,” "Aura," and "Hurricane Charlie.” While they have become popular under the guise of selling as "bath salts", they are sometimes sold as
other products such as insect repellant, or plant food with names like "Bonsai Grow" among others.
Much like the marketing of Synthetic Cannabinoids (Spice/K2) as incense, MDPV has been market as “bath salts” and just like Spice/K2 MDPV is specifically labeled “not for human consumption.”
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What are MDPV and Mephedrone?
(Updated 17-Mar-11)
As stated before, MDPV is a legal stimulant who's chemical name is 3, 4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and is the active ingredient in "Bath Salts". A DEA report from December 2010 states
that “preliminary testing indicates that the active ingredients in many brands [of bath salts] contain MDPV (3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone) and/or mephedrone.” Mephedrone, also known as
4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC), or 4-methylephedrone, is a synthetic stimulant drug of the amphetamine and cathinone classes. Slang names include “meph,” “drone,” “MCAT,” and "meow, meow."
Mephedrone is reportedly manufactured in China and is chemically similar to the cathinone compounds found in the khat plant of eastern Africa. It comes in the form of tablets or a powder, which
users can swallow, snort or inject, producing similar effects to MDMA, amphetamines and cocaine. Because of the emergent nature of this class of substances, there has been some questioning as
to what is in the composition of ‘bath salts’, though most evidence is leaning towards MDPV as being the compound of choice currently in ‘bath salts’.
In the United States, MDPV was packaged as “bath salts” but easy research from the internet showed that “bath salts” such as ‘Ivory Wave’ were being packaged as legal alternative stimulant drugs,
and avoid prosecution by putting “Not For Human Consumption” on the packaging. However, some of these can barely contain themselves for what they really are, with one brand having a picture of
Al Pacino’s ‘Scarface’ on its packaging.
They are sold over the internet, and on the street, in convenience stores, discount tobacco outlets, gas stations, pawnshops, tattoo parlors, and truck stops, among other locations.
The various brands are sold in 50-milligram to 500-milligram packets. Prices range from $25 to $50 per 50-milligram packet.
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What are will be in Generation 2 of Bath Salts?
(Updated 12-Dec-11)
Generation 2 of Bath Salts have been hitting the internet market already, with the DEA's temporary ban of MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone. Naphyrone
has been found in samples of what is being labeled online as "Cosmic Blast" a "jewelry cleaner". There are products (of substances unknown)
that are on the internet labeled as "IPOD/Phone Screen Cleaner" and other various covers, as it appears that "bath salts" became too viral of a
product name and drug dealers have now moved on to other, more obscure product naming schemes.
Cosmic Blast, marketed as a jewelry cleaner, is a stimulant/hallucinogen that is being marketed in the same way bath salts were. Drug sellers
don’t seem to care about US drug law in that samples of Cosmic Blast that have been tested in toxicology laboratories which came up positive
for not only Naphyrone, but also MDPV. Naphyrone (which became popular in the UK after their ban of Mephedrone in 2010), is also known as
O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects
and has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug). Anecdotal reports of Naphyrone are it
can stay in your body for long periods and since it is a reuptake inhibitor of Serotonin, which is implicated in body heat regulation, body
temperatures can soar upwards of 107-108 degrees.
Bruce Talbot, a former police officer and expert on emergent drug trends expressed the following concerns regarding MDPV and what could likely happen now that MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone have become illegal.
He suspects that now that MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone have finally been added to an emergency ban, they will likely “be replaced by 4'-methyl-a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP)
and 3',4'-methylenedioxy-a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP).”
What has been seen with K2/Spice is the U.S. government pushing to ban certain of the synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP 49,479 and CP 49,479 C8), but the companies making K2/Spice
came out with the same product sprayed with chemicals not covered by state or national bans. The same pattern is possible with MDPV. The following drugs would likely replace
MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone now that these three are banned nationally. These "chemical cousins include: a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (a-PPP) little is known about this
compound, but it has been detected by laboratories in Germany as an ingredient in "ecstasy" tablets seized by law enforcement authorities; 4'-methyl-a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MPPP) is a stimulant drug.
It is very structurally similar to a-PPP. MPPP was sold in Germany as a designer drug in the late 1990s and early 2000s, although it has never achieved the same international popularity as its
better-known relations a-PPP and MDPV; and 3',4'-methylenedioxy-a-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) which is a stimulant designer drug. It was sold in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s as
an ingredient in imitation ecstasy (MDMA) pills. It shares a similar chemical structure with a-PPP and MDPV.
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MDPV Timeline
(Updated 24-Oct-11)
- MDPV was developed in the 1960s, and has been used for the treatment of chronic fatigue, but caused problems of abuse and dependence.
- 1969: Boehringer Ingelheim files a patent application for MDPV.
- 2005: MDPV appears as a recreational drug; first mention on Drugs-Forum.
- 2007: First seizure of MDPV as a recreational drug, by customs officials in the German state of Saxony. The drug had been shipped from China.
- 2008: First seizure of MDPV in the United States.
- 2009: MDPV made illegal in Denmark.
- 2010: MDPV made a controlled drug in the UK, Sweden, Germany, Australia and Finland. First reports of the widespread retail marketing of 'bath salts' containing MDPV in the US. The US considers both Mephedrone (July, 2010) and MDPV (December, 2010) "a drug and chemical of concern".
- 2011: MDPV sale and possession are banned in the US states of Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Idaho, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, New Mexico,
North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Virginia, Washington State (as of November 3, 2011), West Virginia, Wisconsin and Wyoming, with legislation being
introduced in many other states. The DEA moved to temporarily ban MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on October 21, 2011. This ban will last 12 months with the possibility of an additional 6 month extension
while the DEA deatermines whether these 3 synthetic stimulants should be permanently classified as scheduled substances.
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The Effects of MDPV/Mephedrone ("Bath Salts")
(Updated 28-Dec-11)
MDPV is a powerful stimulant that functions as a dopamine-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It has stimulatory effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system.
Physical symptoms include: rapid heartbeat, increase in blood pressure, vasoconstriction, sweating. Mental symptoms include: euphoria, increases in alertness & awareness, increased wakefulness
and arousal, anxiety, agitation, perception of a diminished requirement for food and sleep, and intense desire to re-dose. MDPV reportedly has four times the potency of Ritalin and Concerta.
MDPV is sometimes labeled online as legal cocaine or legal amphetamines.
The effects have a duration of roughly 3 to 4 hours, with after effects such as tachycardia, hypertension, and mild stimulation lasting from 6 to 8 hours. High doses have been observed to
cause intense, prolonged panic attacks in stimulant-intolerant users, and there are anecdotal reports of psychosis from sleep withdrawal and addiction at higher doses or more frequent dosing intervals.
It's addiction potential is not fully known at this time. However, one of the effects of MDPV is an intense desire to redose and there have been online reports from both professionals and users
that MDPV is “strongly addicting”.
New research (December 14, 2011) by scientists at the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) indicates that the active compounds in "bath salts" (mephedrone and methylone) bind to monoamine transporters on
the surface of some neurons. This in turn leads to an increase in the brain chemical serotonin, and to a lesser extent, dopamine, suggesting a mechanism that could underlie the addictive potential of these compounds.
The NIDA report states: “Our data demonstrate that designer methcathinone analogs are substrates for monoamine transporters, with a profile of transmitter-releasing activity comparable to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, or 'ecstasy').
Given the widespread use of mephedrone and methylone, determining the consequences of repeated drug exposure warrants further study.”
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Are There Any Dangers Involved in Using "Bath Salts" (MDPV, Mephedrone)
(Updated 12-Nov-11)
Yes. Until a drug is tested, it cannot be considered safe. MDPV and its ‘chemical cousins’ have not been tested by the FDA and thus little is known as to the harm potential.
Some anecdotal stories involving ‘bath salt’ usage and their potential for harm come in news stories from across the nation, local emergency room reports and data collected from
the American Association of Poison Control Center.
In 2010 there were 303 calls about MDPV (bath salt) products according to the American Association of Poison Control Centers’ National Poison Data System (NPDS).
As of November 30, 2011 poison centers reported 5,853 calls (5,625 calls as of October 31, 2011). This shows the trend of how popular this class of drug has become, and
the dangers associated with its increased popularity (over 19 times as many calls in the first 11 months of 2011 than there were for all of 2010).
Important to note, that November, 2011 saw the lowest amount of calls to the poison control centers in all of 2011 (228), which could be accounted for
by the recent 1-year emergency nationwide ban on MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on October 21, 2011. This point is purely speculation, and continued
data trending from the American Association of Poison Control Centers will help to see if this downward trend continues.
In February, 2011, Congressman Charles Schumer (D-NY) introduced legislation that would add bath salts to a list of federally controlled substances.
The DEA moved to temporarily ban MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone on October 21, 2011. This ban will last 12 months with the possibility of an additional 6 month extension
while the DEA deatermines whether these 3 synthetic stimulants should be permanently classified as scheduled substances (see details below).
NIDA has made a public statement about MDPV on their website, stating that it is a dangerous chemical and giving some limited information the drug.
Dr. Volkow, the NIDA Director stated: “Because these products are relatively new to the drug abuse scene, our
knowledge about their precise chemical composition and short- and long-term effects is limited.”
KMBC.com in Louisiana reported that fake bath salts are being investigated in the death of a Kansas man. They also reported that a 21-year-old recently jumped in front of a vehicle on
I-135 near Salina, killing himself. Investigators said he had small amounts of the fake bath salts in his system. In New Jersey on March 16, 2011, a young man reportedly addicted to Bath Salts
and also suffering from Bipolar Disorder, allegedly killed his girlfriend at his home. This tragic death of a Rutgers University student prompted three NJ legislatures to introduce a bill to ban
the active ingredients in these "bath salts".
There have been reports that clients are reporting chest pains, increased blood pressure, increased heart rate, agitation, hallucinations, extreme paranoia, and delusions and suicidal thoughts.
One online report from Louisiana has attempted to correlate 3 deaths with prior usage of MDPV.
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How Legal/Illegal is MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone ("Bath Salts") Nationally and in New Jersey?
(Updated 24-Oct-11)
On October 21, 2011 the DEA finalized a move to enact a temproary emergency control (ban) of three synthetic stimulants. The United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is using its
emergency scheduling authority to temporarily control three synthetic stimulants (Mephedrone, 3,4 methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and Methylone). Except as authorized by law,
this action will make possessing and selling these chemicals or the products that contain them illegal in the U.S. for at least one year while the DEA and the United States Department
of Health and Human Services (DHHS) further study whether these chemicals should be permanently controlled. This emergency action was necessary to prevent an imminent threat to the public safety.
These chemicals will be controlled for at least 12 months, with the possibility of a six month extension, while the DEA and the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) further
study whether these chemicals should be permanently controlled. In their October 21, 2011 press release, DEA Administrator Michele M. Leonhart stated “these chemicals pose a direct and significant
threat, regardless of how they are marketed, and we will aggressively pursue those who attempt their manufacture and sale.”
MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone and 3 other synthetic cathinones are now illegal in New Jersey as of April 28, 2011.
MDPV is getting the attention in many states as they talk about what to do with this substance, in terms of making it a scheduled controllable substance. In New Jersey, the 6 banned substances are:
- 3,4 – Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
- 4 – Methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone, 4-MMC)
- 3,4 – Methylenedioxymethcathinone (Methylone, MDMC)
- 4 – Methoxymethcathinone (Methedrone, bk-PMMA, PMMC)
- 4 – Fluoromethcathinone (Flephedrone, 4-FMC)
- 3 – Fluoromethcathinone (3-FMC)
This ban in New Jersey was caused by very swift action by the legislature and Division of Consumer Affairs. On March 16, 2011, it was announced Assembly Deputy Speaker John McKeon
(D-Essex), Assemblywoman Linda Stender (D-Union), and state Senator John Girgenti (D-Passaic) sponsored the legislation introduced into the Assembly and Senate, that led to the ban on Mephedrone and MDPV
and the 4 other synthetic stimulants 6 weeks later.
Governor Christie made this temporary action permanent by signing Pamela's Law, banning the sale and possession of the 6 aforementioned synthetic cathinones.
Pamela's Law was named after Pamela Schmidt, a 22-year-old Rutgers student who is believed to have been murdered by her boyfriend, Bill Parisio, who is said to have been under the influence of
“bath salts” at the time of the March incident. However, toxicology results of Mr. Parisio taken shortly after the murder showed there were none of these synthetic stimulants in his system.
MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone] and/or Butylone are currently illegal in 31 states as of October 7, 2011 (Apologies if any states are missing):
- Alabama (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Arkansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Delaware (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone)
- Florida (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, BK-PMMA)
- Georgia (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Hawaii (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Idaho (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Illinois (MDPV)
- Kansas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
- Kentucky (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone)
- Louisiana (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Maine (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
- Mississippi (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Missouri (MDPV, Mephedrone, MPBP [4'-Methyl-a-pyrrolidinobutiophenone])
- New Jersey (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- New Mexico (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- New York (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- North Carolina (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- North Dakota (Mephedrone only)
- Ohio (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone]) – Effective October 15, 2011.
- Oklahoma (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Oregon (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
- Pennsylvania (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Tennessee (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Texas (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
- Utah (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone], Butylone)
- Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Washington (MDPV, Mephedrone, and synthetic cannabinoids, analogues) – Effective November 3, 2011
- West Virginia (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Wisconsin (MDPV, Mephedrone)
- Wyoming (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, 3-FMC, 4-FMC [Flephedrone], BK-PMMA [Methedrone])
As Schedule I CDS in NJ, the drugs are now subject to the strictest level of state control. Manufacture, distribution, sale, or possession of the chemicals is now a third-degree crime.
Violators may be subject to a fine of up to $25,000 and imprisonment for a three- to five-year term.
While we applaud this swift action by NJ, all that needs to happen is for the makers of
"bath salts" to replace their current synthetic stimulant(s) (MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone) with not yet banned stimulants.
Then we could possibly see variants of "bath salts" back on the streets of New Jersey before long. This is exactly what has happened with the March 1, 2011 national ban on synthetic cannabinoids.
On March 1st, the DEA announced the ban of 5 synthetic cannabinoids (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-200, CP 47,497 and CP 47,497 C8), however, before the ban was in place, generation 2 of synthetic
cannabinoids were already being sold in NJ convenience stores with the makers touting none of the banned substances being in their product.
See more about sythetic cannabinoids by clicking here.
In Pennsylvania (on June 23, 2011), SB 1006 was passed by the House, Senate and approved by the Governor. This bill SB 1006
bans 6 synthetic stimulants including MDPV and Mephedrone (this PA bill bans the same 6 synthetic stimulants that NJ banned on April, 28, 2011). This bill is also proposing to ban sativa and 8 synthetic cannabinoids and their analogues.
You can view SB 1006's history by clicking here.
An amendment added to the PA SB 1006 also includes language barring all chemicals that are similar to the substances that are currently found in bath salts, synthetic cannabinoids and 2C (hallucinogens such as 2C-E, 2C-I, 2C-P, 2C-H and their analogues, congeners, homologues, isomers, salts and salts of analogues, congeners,
homologues and isomers), and prohibits those chemical compounds from being used to create the same effect as the current bath salts, sytnthetic cannabinoids and 2C chemical structures. This addition to the law will make
Pennsylvania’s the strongest such law in the nation.
In December, 2010, the DEA published a report listing MDPV as a drug of concern. On February 1, 2011 Gil Kerlikowske, Director of National Drug Control Policy, released the following statement following recent reports indicating the emergent threat of these synthetic stimulants,
stating that he was “deeply concerned,” and that “public health officials are working on this emerging issue.”
In December, 2010, the DEA made a brief statement: “Currently, MDPV is not a scheduled drug under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA). However, if intended for human consumption,
MDPV can be considered an analogue of a schedule I drug under the CSA (Title 21 United States Code 813). Therefore, law enforcement cases involving MDPV can be prosecuted under the Federal
Analogue Act of the CSA.” However, all “bath salts” clearly state “Not for Human Consumption”.
In states where MDPV is not a scheduled drug currently, if the intention is to use it for human consumption, its structural similarity to illegal drugs of abuse means
that it could be considered by law enforcement officials as a controllable substance analogue (under the Federal Analogue Act).
When a federal ban is finally enacted on a drug, it does not mean local authorities will take action on this drug. States still need to enact legislation to ban the substances in order for state
(then local) authorities to take action. Federal bans will go after larger distributors, but it will be locally determined as to whether users and smaller, local distributors
(such as non-chain convenience stores and gas stations) will be sought after without a state ban.
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Legislation Done Right? - Washington State Preview
(Updated 04-Oct-11)
In April, 2011, Washington State put a temporary ban on some of the chemicals comprising bath salts (MDPV, Mephedrone and Methylone), and at the same
time synthetic cannabinoids. They enacted another emergency temporary ban as the first one was in danger of expiring. On October 3rd, they have possibly
put together legislation that not only every State should imitate, but so should the Federal Government.
According to a blog on SeattleWeekly.com (link below in the links section), Washington has not only permanently banned these substances but has
introducted legislation which bans future versions (or analogues) of them.
On October 3rd, 2011 (ban to take place starting November 3, 2011) the Board of Pharmacy in Washington State moved to not only permanently outlaw
the substances and their active ingredients, but also a broad swath of related chemicals that, in some instances, haven't even been invented yet.
Department of Health spokeswoman Julie Graham says it is the first time Washington has "taken action to ban broader, general classifications of
chemicals."
"It's designed to keep a little bit ahead of the chemistry," Graham says. "There are two kind of fundamental chemical make-ups for the Spice
[synthetic marijuana] or the bath salts. Basically, what this rule does is it says that any use of these two formulas or tweaking of the
chemicals there within that classification will be covered under the law. It covers the existing ones and modifications to those basic
chemical structures.
We are currently researching the actual law and the text of that law
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How Long Does MDPV Stay in Your System?
(Updated 02-Mar-11)
Redwood Toxicology Laboratory currently state they have detection for MDPV and Mephedrone. They do not have detection for a-PPP, MPPP or MDPPP in urine drug screens.
The cost for the 2 panel is $40 ($30 if you do enough volume and have your entire drug screen business with Redwood Toxicology Laboratory), and $55 ($40) for the 14 panel test.
There is reportedly a 48-72 hour detection window, depending on dosing.
Redwood has a 2 panel drug test (MDPV, Mephedrone) and a 14 panel drug test which tests for the following drugs:
- BZP (Benzylpiperazine)
- Butylone (ß-keto-N-methylbenzodioxolylpropylamine, bk-MBDB)
- Cathinone (Khat or Benzoylethanamine)
- Ethylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone, MDEC, bk-MDEA)
- MBDB (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine, Methyl-J, “Eden”)
- mCPP (meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine)
- MDA (3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine, tenamfetamine)
- MDEA (3,4-Methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine, MDEA, MDE, “Eve”)
- MDPV (Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, Cloud 9, Ivory Wave, White Lightning)
- MDMA (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy, “E”, “X”)
- Mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone [4-MMC], 4-methylephedrone, “Meph”, “MCat”)
- Methcathinone (a-methylamino-propiophenone, may be confused with mephedrone)
- Methylone (3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone, bk-MDMA, MDMC, “M1”)
- TFMPP (3-Trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine, “Legal X”)
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Information from this article was gathered from the following sources:
- NJ's Pamela's Law - NJ Law banning 6 Synthetic Cathinones (MDPV, Mephedrone, Methylone, Methedrone, Flephedrone, and 3-FMC).
- Synthetic Cathinones - European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
- American Association of Poison Control Centers. (2011). Bath Salts Data Updated December 12, 2011.
- DEA. (October 21, 2011). - Chemicals Used in "Bath Salts” Now Under Federal Control and Regulation. (DEA Will Study Whether To Permanently Control Three Substances).
- DEA. (2010). Increasing abuse of bath salts.
- DEA. (2010). Methylenedioxypyrovalerone [(MDPV) (1-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone]
- DEA. (2010)> 4-methylmethcathinone, Mephedrone, 4-MMC - Drugs and Chemicals of Concern.
- Drugs Forum. Information regarding MDPV accessed on February 22, 2011.
- KMBC.com – Abuse of Fake ‘Bath Salts’ Sends Dozens to ER.
- Linkedin.com. (2011). Emerging Drugs of Abuse Threads (Information quoting Mr. Bruce Talbot). The Emerging Drugs of Abuse forum is managed by J. Randall Webber.
- National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2011). Message from the Director on "Bath Salts" - Emerging and Dangerous Products.
- Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011). Statement from White House Drug Policy Director on Synthetic Stimulants, a.k.a “Bath Salts”.
- The Poison Review. (2011). NBC’s Today Show reports on ‘bath salts’.
- Psychonaut Webmapping Research Group. (2009). MDPV Report. Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London: London, UK.
- Redwood Toxicology Laboratories. (2011). Designer Stimulant Spreadsheet.
- Wikipedia: alpha-Pyrrolidinopropiophenone.
- Wikipedia: Mephedrone
- Wikipedia: MPPP.
- Wikipedia: MDPPP.
- Wikipedia: MDPV.
- WJHG.com – Florida makes sales and possession of bath salts illegal.
- N.J. Senate, Assembly lawmakers to introduce bill banning 'bath salts' drug
- First step taken in banning bath salts in Missouri.
- Schumer seeks ban on bath salts used as drugs.
- Rutgers Student William Parisio, Accused In Pamela Schmidt's Murder, Used 'Bath Salts' To Get High.
- Pennsylvania’s Fox News 43: Battle Against Bath Salts & Synthetic Marijuana Gains Ground.
- New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs Bans Designer Drugs Labeled as "Bath Salts"
- Pennsylvania's House Republican Caucus - Stern’s Fight to Get Bath Salts Listed as a Controlled Substance Moves One Step Closer to Becoming Law.
- Bangor Daily News Online – Maine Politics. ‘Bath salts’ ban takes effect; state’s top cop seeks to halt drug’s march into Maine.
- Christie Bans "Bath Salts"
- Bath Salts Drug Not Involved In Murder Leading To Pamela's Law Ban, NJ Prosecutor Says.
- Delaware Officials Ban Sale of 'Bath Salts’ - FoxNews.com. (September 30, 2011).
- Washington Permanently Bans Bath Salts and Synthetic Marijuana--and Some Chemicals That Haven't Been Invented Yet. - SeattleWeekly.com (October 3, 2011)
- Wikipedia - Naphyone - Possible Generation 2 "Bath Salts" chemical.
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Hunterdon Drug Awareness Program, Inc.
8 Main Street, Suite 7
Flemington, NJ 08822
Phone: 1-908-788-1900
Fax: 1-908-788-3836
info@hdap.org
Glenn Duncan, Executive Director
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